Ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå >>  Ïîíÿòèå sql 

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ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ IN...............................................................................................................................................................................39

ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ BETWEEN................................................................................................................................................................40

ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ LIKE...........................................................................................................................................................................42

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ ÍÓËÅÂÛÌÈ (NULL) ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈßÌÈ........................................................................................................................44

NULL ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ.........................................................................................................................................................................44

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ NOT ÑÎ ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÌÈ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÀÌÈ........................................................................................45

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................46

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................46

ÎÁÎÁÙÅÍÈÅ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ Ñ ÏÎÌÎÙÜÞ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ............................................47

×ÒÎ ÒÀÊÎÅ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÍÛÅ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ ?....................................................................................................................................48

ÊÀÊ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÒÜ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÍÛÅ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ ?...................................................................................................................48

ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÀÒÐÈÁÓÒÛ COUNT........................................................................................................................................49

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ DISTINCT....................................................................................................................................................49

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ COUNT ÑÎ ÑÒÐÎÊÀÌÈ, À ÍÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈßÌÈ.......................................................................................50

ÂÊËÞ×ÅÍÈÅ ÄÓÁËÈÊÀÒΠ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÍÛÅ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ........................................................................................................50

ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÛ ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÍÛÅ ÍÀ ÑÊÀËßÐÍÎÌ ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈÈ...............................................................................................51

ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ GROUP BY.......................................................................................................................................................51

ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ HAVING............................................................................................................................................................53

ÍÅ ÄÅËÀÉÒÅ ÂËÎÆÅÍÍÛÕ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÎÂ.................................................................................................................................54

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................55

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................55

ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÛÂÎÄÎÂ ÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ.................................................................................56

ÑÒÐÎÊÈ È ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈß............................................................................................................................................................57

ÓÏÎÐßÄÎ×ÅÍÈÅ ÂÛÂÎÄÀ ÏÎËÅÉ..........................................................................................................................................59

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................63

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................63

ÇÀÏÐÀØÈÂÀÍÈÅ ÌÍÎÃÎ×ÈÑËÅÍÛÕ ÒÀÁËÈÖ ÒÀÊ ÆÅ, ÊÀÊ ÎÄÍÎÉ...................................64

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖ............................................................................................................................................................65

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ÑÎÇÄÀÍÈÅ ÎÁÜÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß......................................................................................................................................................65

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖ ×ÅÐÅÇ ÑÏÐÀÂÎ×ÍÓÞ ÖÅËÎÑÒÍÎÑÒÜ......................................................................................66

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß ÒÀÁËÈÖ ÏÎ ÐÀÂÅÍÑÒÂÓ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ Â ÑÒÎËÁÖÀÕ È ÄÐÓÃÈÅ ÂÈÄÛ ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÉ...................67

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÁÎËÅÅ ÄÂÓÕ ÒÀÁËÈÖ....................................................................................................................................68

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................69

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................69

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ Ñ ÑÎÁÎÉ........................................................................................70

ÊÀÊ ÄÅËÀÒÜ ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ Ñ ÑÎÁÎÉ ?............................................................................................................71

ÏÑÅÂÄÎÍÈÌÛ.............................................................................................................................................................................71

ÓÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÈÅ ÈÇÁÛÒÎ×ÍÎÑÒÈ...............................................................................................................................................72

ÏÐÎÂÅÐÊÀ ÎØÈÁÎÊ...................................................................................................................................................................73

ÁÎËÜØÅ ÏÑÅÂÄÎÍÈÌÎÂ..........................................................................................................................................................74

ÅÙÅ ÁÎËÜØÅ ÊÎÌÏËÅÊÑÍÛÕ ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÉ....................................................................................................................74

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................76

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................76

ÂÑÒÀÂÊÀ ÎÄÍÎÃÎ ÇÀÏÐÎÑÀ ÂÍÓÒÐÜ ÄÐÓÃÎÃÎ.....................................................................77



ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑ?..................................................................................................................................................78

ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß, ÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÌÎÃÓÒ ÂÛÄÀÂÀÒÜ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ.................................................................................................79

DISTINCT Ñ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÌÈ...................................................................................................................................................79

ÏÐÅÄÈÊÀÒÛ Ñ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÌÈ ßÂËßÞÒÑß ÍÅÎÁÐÀÒÈÌÛÌÈ......................................................................................80

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈÉ Â ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÕ..........................................................................................81

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ, ÊÎÒÎÐÛÅ ÂÛÄÀÞÒ ÌÍÎÃÎ ÑÒÐÎÊ Ñ ÏÎÌÎÙÜÞ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÀ IN.................82

ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ ÂÛÁÈÐÀÞÒ ÎÄÈÍÎ×ÍÛÅ ÑÒÎËÁÖÛ..........................................................................................................84

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈÉ Â ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÕ.............................................................................................................84

ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ Â ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ HAVING.............................................................................................................................85

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................86

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................86

ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ...............................................................................................87

ÊÀÊ ÑÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÒÜ ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÉ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑ.......................................................................................................88

ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÉ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑ...................................................................................................................88

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÕ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ ÄËß ÍÀÕÎÆÄÅÍÈß ÎØÈÁÎÊ...................................................91

ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ Ñ ÑÎÁÎÉ............................................................................................................................................91

ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ Â ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ HAVING............................................................................................92

ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÛ È ÎÁÜÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß............................................................................................................93

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ........................................................................................................................................................................................93

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL.............................................................................................................................................................................94

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÀ EXISTS...................................................................................95

ÊÀÊ ÐÀÁÎÒÀÅÒ EXISTS?.............................................................................................................................................................96

ÂÛ1ÁÎÐÑÒÎËÁÖÎÂÑ ÏÎÌÎÙÜÞ EXISTS.............................................................................................................................97

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ EXISTS Ñ ÑÎÎÒÍÅÑÅÍÍÛÌÈ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÌÈ................................................................................97

ÊÎÌÁÈÍÀÖÈß ÈÇ EXISTS È ÎÁÜÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß.........................................................................................................................98

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ NOT EXISTS................................................................................................................................................99

EXISTS È ÀÃÐÅÃÀÒÛ...................................................................................................................................................................99

ÁÎËÅÅ ÓÄÀ×ÍÛÉ ÏÐÈÌÅÐ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÀ...........................................................................................................................100

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................101

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................101

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÎÂ ANY, ALL È SOME............................................................102

ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÛ ANY èëè SOME.....................................................................................................................103

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÎÂ IN ÈËÈ EXISTS ÂÌÅÑÒÎ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐÀ ANY.............................................................104

ÊÀÊ ANY ÌÎÆÅÒ ÑÒÀÒÜ ÍÅÎÄÍÎÇÍÀ×ÍÛÌ.......................................................................................................................105

ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÉ ÎÏÅÐÀÒÎÐ ALL............................................................................................................................................108

ÐÀÂÅÍÑÒÂÀ È ÍÅÐÀÂÅÍÑÒÂÀ................................................................................................................................................109

ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÎÅ ÏÎÍÈÌÀÍÈÅ ANY È ALL................................................................................................................................111

ÊÀÊ ANY, ALL, È EXIST ÏÎÑÒÓÏÀÞÒ Ñ ÎÒÑÓÒÑÒÂÓÞÙÈÌÈ È ÍÅÈÇÂÅÑÒÍÛÌÈ ÄÀÍÍÛÌÈ...................................111

ÊÎÃÄÀ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑ ÂÎÇÂÐÀÙÀÅÒÑß ÏÓÑÒÛÌ.................................................................................................................111

ANY È ALL ÂÌÅÑÒÎ EXISTS Ñ ÏÓÑÒÛÌ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÅÌ (NULL)..........................................................................................112

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ COUNT ÂÌÅÑÒÎ EXISTS........................................................................................................................113

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................114

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................114

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß UNION.............................................................................115

ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÌÍÎÃÎ×ÈÑËÅÍÍÛÕ ÇÀÏÐÎÑΠ ÎÄÈÍ...............................................................................................116



ÊÎÃÄÀ ÂÛ ÌÎÆÅÒÅ ÄÅËÀÒÜ ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ ÌÅÆÄÓ ÇÀÏÐÎÑÀÌÈ?............................................................................117

UNION È ÓÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÓÁËÈÊÀÒÎÂ...................................................................................................................................118

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÒÐÎÊ È ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈÉ Ñ UNION..........................................................................................................119

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ UNION Ñ ORDER BY................................................................................................................................120

ÂÍÅØÍÅÅ ÎÁÚÅÄÈÍÅÍÈÅ......................................................................................................................................................121

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................125

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................125

ÂÂÎÄ, ÓÄÀËÅÍÈÅ È ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ ÏÎËÅÉ...........................................................127

ÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ ÌÎÄÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ ßÇÛÊÀ DML...............................................................................................................................128

ÂÂÎÄ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ.......................................................................................................................................................................128

ÂÑÒÀÂÊÀ ÏÓÑÒÛÕ ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÅÉ (NULL)...............................................................................................................................128

ÈÌÅÍÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÒÎËÁÖÀ ÄËß ÂÑÒÀÂÊÈ (INSERT).............................................................................................................129

ÂÑÒÀÂÊÀ ÐÅÇÓËÜÒÀÒÎÂ ÇÀÏÐÎÑÀ.......................................................................................................................................129

ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ ÏÎËß..............................................................................................................................................131

ÌÎÄÈÔÈÖÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÒÎËÜÊÎ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÕ ÑÒÐÎÊ.................................................................................................131

ÊÎÌÀÍÄÀ UPDATE ÄËß ÌÍÎÃÈÕ ÑÒÎËÁÖÎÂ.....................................................................................................................131

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈÉ ÄËß ÌÎÄÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ.....................................................................................................131

ÌÎÄÈÔÈÖÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÓÑÒÛÕ(NULL) ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ.............................................................................................................132

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................132

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................133

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ Ñ ÊÎÌÀÍÄÀÌÈ ÌÎÄÈÔÈÊÀÖÈÈ.................................134

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ Ñ INSERT.....................................................................................................................135

ÍÅ ÂÑÒÀÂËßÉÒÅ ÄÓÁËÈÊÀÒÛ ÑÒÐÎÊ..................................................................................................................................136

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ, ÑÎÇÄÀÍÛÕ ÂÎ ÂÍÅØÍÅÉ ÒÀÁËÈÖÅ ÇÀÏÐÎÑÀ.................................................136

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ Ñ DELETE....................................................................................................................137

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑÎÂ Ñ UPDATE...................................................................................................................139

ÑÒÎËÊÍÎÂÅÍÈÅ Ñ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈßÌÈ ÏÎÄÇÀÏÐÎÑΠÊÎÌÀÍÄÛ DML.......................................................................139

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................140

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................140

ÑÎÇÄÀÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖ...................................................................................................................141

ÊÎÌÀÍÄÀ ÑÎÇÄÀÍÈß ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ...........................................................................................................................................142

ÈÍÄÅÊÑÛ....................................................................................................................................................................................143

ÓÍÈÊÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÈÍÄÅÊÑÀ......................................................................................................................................................144

ÓÄÀËÅÍÈÅ ÈÍÄÅÊÑÎÂ.............................................................................................................................................................144

ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ ÏÎÑËÅ ÒÎÃÎ, ÊÀÊ ÎÍÀ ÁÛËÀ ÑÎÇÄÀÍÀ...................................................................................145

ÓÄÀËÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖ..................................................................................................................................................................145

ÐÅÇÞÌÅ......................................................................................................................................................................................146

ÐÀÁÎÒÀ Ñ SQL...........................................................................................................................................................................146

ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÉ ÂÀØÈÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ........................................................................147

ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖ..........................................................................................................................................................148

ÎÁÚßÂËÅÍÈÅ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÉ...............................................................................................................................................148

ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÉ ÄËß ÈÑÊËÞ×ÅÍÈß ÏÓÑÒÛÕ (NULL) ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÅÉ.............................................148

ÓÁÅÄÈÒÅÑÜ, ×ÒÎ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ÓÍÈÊÀËÜÍÛ.........................................................................................................................149

ÓÍÈÊÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÊÀÊ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÅ ÑÒÎËÁÖÀ.................................................................................................................149

ÓÍÈÊÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÊÀÊ ÎÃÐÀÍÈ×ÅÍÈÅ ÒÀÁËÈÖÛ................................................................................................................150



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